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Latin America
| Area | 21,069,501 km² |
|---|---|
| Population | 541 million |
| Countries | 20 |
| Dependencies | 10 |
| GDP | $3.33 Trillion (exchange rate) $5.62 Trillion (purchasing power parity) |
| Languages | Spanish, Portuguese, Quechua, Aymara, Nahuatl, Mayan languages, Guaraní, Italian, English, French, Haitian Creole, Spanish creole German, Welsh, Dutch, Cantonese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and many others |
| Time Zones | UTC -2:00 (Brazil) to UTC -8:00 (Mexico) |
| Largest Cities | 1. Mexico City 2. São Paulo 3. Buenos Aires 4. Rio de Janeiro 5. Lima 6. Bogotá 7. Santiago de Chile 8. Belo Horizonte 9. Caracas 10. Guadalajara |
Latin America (Portuguese and Spanish: América Latina; French: Amérique latine) is the region of the Americas where Romance languages, those derived from Latin (particularly Spanish and Portuguese), are primarily spoken.
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The distinction between Latin America and Anglo-America, and more generally the stress on European heritage (or Eurocentrism), overlooks the fact that there are many places in the Americas (e.g. highland Peru and Guatemala) where American Indian cultures and languages are important, as well as areas in which the influence of African cultures is strong (e.g. the Caribbean, including parts of Colombia and Venezuela, and coastal Brazil).
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The Andes mountain range seen from outer space.
Originally, Amérique latine was a political denomination thought coined by French Emperor Napoleon III, in citing Amérique latine and Indochine as goals for his reign\'s imperial expansion, http://wais.stanford.edu/LatinAmerica/latinamerica_latinamerica03102004.htm thus justifying French imperial claims to the native peoples and their lands; eventually, Amérique latine denominated the Americas colonised by Spanish, Portuguese, and French settlers between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries; nevertheless, Michel Chevalier introduced his alternate etymology, the Southern Americas, in 1836, in Lettres sur l\'Amèrique du Nord. In the United States, before the 1890s, Spanish America was the nominal term for the region until early in the twentieth century when Latin America became current. Latin American. Retrieved on 2006-07-15.
Rano Raraku Moai buried to their shoulders.
Contemporaneously, Latin America is equivalent to Latin Europe, implying supranationality greater than statehood and nationhood. Supranational identity is expressed through common socio-economic initiatives and organisations, such as the Union of South American Nations; nevertheless, the terms Latin American, Latin, Latino, and Hispanic denote and connote different things.
Many Latin Americans do not speak Latinate languages, but native tongues transplanted by immigration, e.g. German in Paraguay. Moreover there are Latin European-derived cultures resultant from European immigrants blending with the indigenous peoples and with the imported African slaves, thus, they are Latin American, but not Spanish, Portuguese, and French, as usually connoted by the Latin American term.
Francophone Canada (except Québec) and the U.S., such as Acadia, French Louisiana, and places north of Mexico are excluded from the socio-political definition of Latin America, despite significant or predominant populations speaking a Latinate language, because they are not sovereign states and are geographically discrete from Latin America proper; yet, French Guiana, a French dependency, is included. Some Latin American countries do not have a Romance language as the official language, yet are denominated Latin American countries, i.e. Dutch-speaking Suriname, and the Anglophone countries of Belize and Guyana.
To avoid the ambiguities inherent to Latin America, the term Ibero-America is used in Spain and Portugal in referring to the nations and countries once colonies of itself and of Portugal; Ibero-America derives from the Iberian Peninsula wherein lay Spain and Portugal. The Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI — Organzación de Estados Iberoamericanos) extends the definition by including Spain and Portugal (the Mother Countries of Latin America) as member states.
Dates of independence of countries in the Americas.
The Americas are thought to have been first inhabited by people crossing the Bering Land Bridge, now the Bering strait, from northeast Asia into Alaska more than 10,000 years ago. Over the course of millennia, people spread to all parts of the continents. By the first millennium AD/CE, South America’s vast rainforests, mountains, plains and coasts were the home of tens of millions of people. Some groups formed permanent settlements, such as the Chibchas (or "Muiscas" or "Muyscas") and the Tairona groups. The Chibchas of Colombia, the Quechuas of Peru and the Aymaras of Bolivia were the three Indian groups that settled most permanently.
The region was home to many indigenous peoples and advanced civilizations, including the Aztecs, Toltecs, Caribs, Tupi, Maya, and Inca. The golden age of the Maya began about 250, with the last two great civilizations, the Aztecs and Incas, emerging into prominence later on in the early fourteenth century and mid-fifteenth centuries, respectively.
With the arrival of the Europeans following Christopher Columbus\'s voyages, the indigenous elites, such as the Incans and Aztecs, lost power to the Europeans. Hernán Cortés destroyed the Aztec elite\'s power with the help of local groups who disliked the Aztec elite, and Francisco Pizarro eliminated the Incan rule in Western South America. European powers, most notably Spain and Portugal, colonized the region, which along with the rest of the uncolonized world was divided into areas of Spanish and Portuguese control by the Line of Demarcation in 1493, which gave Spain all areas to the west, and Portugal all areas to the east (the Portuguese lands in America subsequently becoming Brazil). By the end of the sixteenth century, Europeans occupied large areas of North, Central and South America, extending all the way into the present southern United States. European culture and government was imposed, with the Roman Catholic Church becoming a major economic and political power, as well as the official religion of the region.
A view of Machu Picchu, a pre-Columbian Inca site in Peru.
Diseases brought by the Europeans, such as smallpox and measles, wiped out a large proportion of the indigenous population, with epidemics of diseases reducing them sharply from their prior populations. Historians cannot determine the number of natives who died due to European diseases, but some put the figures as high as 85% and as low as 20%. Due to the lack of written records, specific numbers are hard to verify. Many of the survivors were forced to work in European plantations and mines. Intermarriage between the indigenous peoples and the European colonists was very common, and, by the end of the colonial period, people of mixed ancestry (mestizos) formed majorities in several colonies.
By the end of the eighteenth century, Spanish and Portuguese power waned as other European powers took their place, notably Britain and France. Resentment grew over the restrictions imposed by the Spanish government, as well as the dominance of native Spaniards (Iberian-born peninsulares) over the major institutions and the majority population, including the colonial-born Spaniards (criollos, Creoles). Napoleon\'s invasion of Spain in 1808 marked the turning point, compelling Creole elites to form juntas that advocated independence. Also, the newly independent Haiti, the second oldest nation in the New World after the United States and the oldest independent nation in Latin America, further fueled the independence movement by inspiring the leaders of the movement, such as Simón Bolívar and José de San Martin, and by providing them with considerable munitions and troops.
"The Castle" of Chichén-Itzá in Yucatán Mexico.
Fighting soon broke out between the Juntas and the Spanish colonial authorities, with initial Creole victories, including Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in Mexico and Francisco de Miranda in Venezuela, crushed by the Spanish troops. Under the leadership of Simón Bolívar, José de San Martin and other Libertadores in South America, the independence movement regained strength, and by 1825, all Spanish Latin America, except for Puerto Rico and Cuba, gained independence from Spain. Brazil achieved independence with a constitutional monarchy established in 1822. During the same year in Mexico, a military officer, Agustín de Iturbide, led conservatives who created a constitutional monarchy, with Iturbide as emperor (followed by a republic, 1823).
Latin America is politically divided into the following countries and territories:
The countries included in all definitions are:
| Independent Countries and Puerto Rico | |
|---|---|
The more expansive definition can include:
| Independent Countries | French dependencies | Netherlands dependencies | United States dependency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Owing to their geographical location, Belize, the Falkland Islands, Guyana, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago could be added to this grouping, but they are not culturally or linguistically Latin American. They maintain economic ties with nearby countries, and are grouped by the United Nations in the predominantly Latin American region of South America. All except Suriname are also the objects of long-standing territorial claims by their Latin American neighbors.
Demographics
\'Notable Latin Americans\'
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The population of Latin America is a composite of ancestries, ethnic groups and races, making the region one of the most — if not the most — diverse in the world. The specific composition varies from country to country: Some have a predominance of a mixed population, in others people of Amerindian origin are a majority, some are dominated by inhabitants of European ancestry and some populations are primarily of African descent. Most or all Latin American countries have Asian minorities. Europeans and groups with part-European ancestry combine for nearly 80% of the population.CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Ethnic groups. Retrieved on 2008-02-20.
Amerindians make up the majority of the population in Bolivia and a plurality in Peru.
The aboriginal population of Latin America, the Amerindians, experienced tremendous population decline particularly in the early decades of colonization. They have since recovered in numbers, surpassing sixty million, though they compose a majority in only one country, Bolivia. In Peru they are a plurality, while in Ecuador, Chile, Guatemala and Mexico, they are large minorities of more than 25%, per CIA statistics. (Official Mexican figures put Amerindian Mexicans at 13% of the country\'s population.)Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas - México. Retrieved on 2008-02-20. Most of the other countries have small Amerindian minorities.
People of Asian descent are numerous in Latin America. The first Asians to settle in Latin America were Filipino, as a result of Spain\'s trade involving Asia and the Americas. The majority of ethnic Asians in Latin America are of Japanese ancestry and reside mainly in Brazil, home to the largest ethnic Japanese community outside of Japan itself, numbering 1.5 million.MOFA: Japan-Brazil Relations Chinese, Indians, Koreans and Vietnamese are also among the largest ethnic Asian communities.
A significant number of Latin Americans are of African ancestry
Millions of African slaves were brought to Latin America from the sixteenth century onward, the majority of whom were sent to the Caribbean region and Brazil. Today, people identified as black constitute important parts of the populations of Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Colombia, Puerto Rico, and Ecuador.
Beginning in the late fifteenth century, large numbers of Iberian colonists settled in what became Latin America — Portuguese in Brazil and Spaniards elsewhere in the region — and at present most white Latin Americans are of Spanish or Portuguese origin. Iberians brought the Spanish and Portuguese languages, the Catholic faith and many traditions.
Many Latin Americans are of European descent.
Millions of Europeans have immigrated to Latin America since most countries gained independence in the 1810s and 1820s, with most of the immigration occurring in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the bulk of the immigrants settling in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. Italians formed the largest group of immigrants, and next were Spaniards and Portuguese.South America :: Postindependence overseas immigrants. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2008-02-10. Many others arrived, such as Germans, Poles, Ukrainians, Russians, Jews, Irish and Welsh. Whites make up the vast majority of the population in Argentina and Uruguay, as they do in Southern Region, Brazil. In absolute numbers, Brazil has the largest population of whites in Latin America, Argentina the second and Mexico the third.
Latin American countries attracted European immigrants to work in agriculture, commerce and industry. Many Latin American governments encouraged immigrants from Europe to civilize the region.As políticas públicas de imigração européia não-portuguesa para o Brasil – de Pombal à República Despite their different origins, these immigrants integrated in the local societies and most of their descendants only speak Spanish or, in Brazil, Portuguese. For example, people of Italian descent make up half of Argentina\'s and Uruguay\'s population, but only a few of them are able to speak Italian. The only notable exceptions are some communities of Germans and Italians across Southern Brazil who still preserve their languages. Brazil has the biggest population of Italians outside of Italy; São Paulo city alone has more Italians than Rome.Mapa 1
Immigration from the Middle East took place also since the 19th century, and consisted largely of Christian Lebanese and Syrians. They have generally assimilated into the European-descended population.
Intermixing between Europeans and Amerindians began early and was extensive. The resulting people, known as mestizos, make up the majority of the population in half the countries of Latin America. They additionally compose large minorities in nearly all the mainland countries.
Mulattoes are descendants of Europeans and Africans, mostly European settlers and African slaves during the colonial period. They constitute a considerable presence in countries such as Panama and Haiti. The vast majority of Mulattoes is found in Brazil, with Dominican Republic, Cuba, Colombia and Venezuela rounding out the top five.
Slaves often ran away (cimarrones) and were taken in by Amerindian villagers. Intermixing between Africans and Amerindians produced descendants known as zambos. This was especially prevalent in Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil.
In addition to the foregoing groups, Latin America also has millions of people of mixed African, Amerindian and European triracial ancestry.
The following table shows the different racial groups and their percentages for all Latin American countries and territories, except French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin and Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
| Country | Population | White | Mestizo | Mulatto | Amerindian | Black | White and mestizo | Mixed | Other1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 40,301,927 | 97% | 3% | ||||||
| Aruba | 100,018 | 80% | 20% | ||||||
| Bolivia | 9,119,152 | 15% | 30% | 55% | |||||
| Brazil | 190,010,647 | 53% | 38.5% | 6.9% | 1.6% | ||||
| Chile | 16,284,741 | 3% | 95% | 2% | |||||
| Colombia | 44,379,598 | 20% | 58% | 14% | 1% | 4% | 3% | ||
| Costa Rica | 4,133,884 | 1% | 3% | 94% | 2% | ||||
| Cuba | 11,394,043 | 37% | 51% | 11% | 1% | ||||
| Dominican Republic | 9,365,818 | 16% | 11% | 73% | |||||
| Ecuador | 13,755,680 | 65% | 25% | 3% | 7% | ||||
| El Salvador | 6,948,073 | 9% | 90% | 1% | |||||
| Guatemala | 12,728,111 | 40.5% | 59.4% | 0.1% | |||||
| Haiti | 8,706,497 | 95% | 5% | ||||||
| Honduras | 7,483,763 | 1% | 90% | 4% | 5% | ||||
| Mexico | 108,700,891 | 9% or 15% | 60% | 7% or 13% | 1% | ||||
| Netherlands Antilles | 223,652 | 85% | 15% | ||||||
| Nicaragua | 5,675,356 | 17% | 69% | 5% | 9% | ||||
| Panama | 3,242,173 | 10% | 70% | 6% | 14% | ||||
| Paraguay | 6,669,086 | 95% | 5% | ||||||
| Peru | 28,674,757 | 15% | 37% | 45% | 3% | ||||
| Puerto Rico | 3,944,259 | 80.5% | 0.4% | 8% | 4.1% | 7% | |||
| Uruguay | 3,460,607 | 88% | 8% | 4% | |||||
| Venezuela | 26,023,528 | 41% | 49% | 1% | 7% | 2% | |||
| Total | 561,326,261 | 33.9% | 27% | 15.2% | 10.9% | 6.9% | 2.8% | 1.7% | 1.6% |
1 May include one or more of the previous groups.
Romance languages in Latin America: Green-Spanish; Orange-Portuguese; Blue-French
Castillian Spanish is the predominant language in the majority of Latin American countries. Portuguese is spoken primarily in Brazil, the most populous country in the region. French is spoken in some countries of the Caribbean (notably the dependencies of Guadeloupe, Martinique, and French Guiana as well as the sovereign island-nation of Haiti). Dutch is the official language of some Caribbean islands and in Suriname on the continent; however, as Dutch is a Germanic language, these territories are not considered part of Latin America.
Other European languages spoken in Latin America include: English, by some groups in Argentina, Nicaragua, Panama, and Puerto Rico; German, in southern Brazil, southern Chile, Argentina, and German-speaking villages in northern Venezuela; Italian, in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and, to a lesser extent, Venezuela; and Welsh, in southern Argentina.
In several nations, especially in the Caribbean region, creole languages are spoken. The most widely-spoken creole language in the Caribbean and Latin America in general is Haitian Creole, the predominant language of Haiti; it is derived primarily from French and certain West African tongues with some Amerindian and Spanish influences as well. Creole languages of mainland Latin America, similarly, are derived from European languages and various African tongues. Native American languages are widely spoken in Peru, Guatemala, Bolivia, Paraguay, and to a lesser degree, in Mexico, Ecuador and Chile. In absolute numbers, Mexico contains the largest population of indigenous-language speakers of any country in the Americas, surpassing those of the Amerindian-majority countries of Guatemala, Bolivia and the Amerindian-plurality country of Peru. In Latin American countries not named above, the population of speakers of indigenous languages is tiny or non-existent.
In Peru, Quechua is an official language, alongside Spanish and any other indigenous language in the areas where they predominate. In Ecuador, while holding no official status, the closely-related Quichua is a recognized language of the indigenous people under the country\'s constitution; however, it is only spoken by a few groups in the country\'s highlands. In Bolivia, Aymara, Quechua and Guaraní hold official status alongside Spanish. Guarani is, along with Spanish, an official language of Paraguay, and is spoken by a majority of the population (who are, for the most part, bilingual), and it is co-official with Spanish in the Argentine province of Corrientes. In Nicaragua, Spanish is the official language, but on the country\'s Caribbean coast English and indigenous languages such as Miskito, Sumo, and Rama also hold official status. Colombia recognizes all indigenous languages spoken within its territory as official, though fewer than 1% of its population are native speakers of these. Nahuatl is one of the 62 native languages spoken by indigenous people in Mexico, which are officially recognized by the government as "national languages", along with Spanish.
The vast majority of Latin Americans are Christians, mostly Roman Catholics. However, membership in the Roman Catholic Church in Latin America is declining while membership in Protestant churches is increasing. Brazil has an active quasi-socialist Roman Catholic movement known as Liberation Theology. Practitioners of the Buddhist, Jewish, Islamic, Hindu, Bahá\'í, and indigenous denominations and religions exist. Various Afro-Latin American traditions such as Santería and Macumba, tribal-voodoo religions, are also practiced.
Due to economic, social and security developments that are affecting the region in recent decades, the focus is now the change from net immigration to net emigration. According to the 2005 Colombian census or DANE, about 3,331,107 Colombians live currently abroad.http://www.pstalker.com/migration/index.htm Some 60,000 to 80,000 Argentineans a year have been emigrating, but emigration slowed in 2002 after the bank accounts of many people were frozen, so that they had no money for overseas travel. The number of Brazilians living overseas is estimated at about 2 million people.http://www2.camara.gov.br/comissoes/credn/publicacao/NotatecnicaBrasileirosExterior.html Remittances to Mexico rose from $6.6 billion to $24 billion between 2000 and 2006, but stabilized in 2007. Much of the reported increase between 2000 and 2006 may reflect better accounting, but the slowdown in 2007 may reflect tougher U.S. border and interior enforcement.
Aerial view of a financial district in São Paulo, Brazil.
Skyline of Mexico City at night.
Skyline of Buenos Aires at night.
Skyline of Lima at night.
According to ECLAC,Latin American and Caribbean Economic Growth Will Exceed 5% in 2006 an economic growth rate of 5.3% is estimated for 2006, equivalent to a per capita increase of 3.8%. This marks the fourth consecutive year of economic growth, and the third consecutive year of rates exceeding 4%, after an average annual growth rate of only 2.2% between 1980 and 2002. A breakdown of the annual rates of GDP growth (in U.S. dollars at constant 2000 prices) is transcribed as follows:
| Country | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007a | 2008 a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Argentina | 9 | 9.2 | 8.5a | 7.5 | 5.5 |
 Bolivia | 4.2 | 4 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 5.4 |
 Brazil | 5.7 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 5.2 | 4.5 |
 Chile | 6 | 5.7 | 4 | 5.9 | 5 |
 Colombia | 4.9 | 4.7 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 4.8 |
 Costa Rica | 4.3 | 5.9 | 8.2 | 6 | 5 |
 Cubab | 5.4 | 11.8 | 12.5 | N/A | N/A |
 Dominican Republic | 2 | 9.3 | 10.7 | 8 | 4.5 |
 Ecuador | 8 | 6 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 3.4 |
 El Salvador | 1.9 | 3.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 3.8 |
 Guatemala | 3.2 | 3.5 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.3 |
 Haiti | -2.6 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 3.2 | 4.3 |
 Honduras | 5 | 4.1 | 6 | 5.4 | 3.4 |
 Mexico | 4.2 | 2.8 | 4.8 | 2.9 | 3 |
 Nicaragua | 5.3 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 4.7 |
 Panama | 7.5 | 6.9 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 8.8 |
 Paraguay | 4.1 | 2.9 | 4.3 | 5 | 4 |
 Peru | 5.1 | 6.7 | 7.6 | 7 | 6 |
 Uruguay | 11.8 | 6.6 | 7 | 5.2 | 3.8 |
 Venezuela | 18.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 8 | 6 |
| Latin America | 6 | 4.5 | 5.3 | 4.7 | N/A |
Notes: a. Estimates b. Figures provided by the National Statistics Office of Cuba, under evaluation by ECLAC
Sources: 1. All countries, except Cuba: IMF [1] 2. Cuba and Latin America: ECLAC [2]PDF (230 KiB)
Inequality and poverty continue to be the region\'s main challenges; according to the ECLAC Latin America is the most unequal region in the world.La región sigue siendo la más desigual del mundo, según Cepal América Economía Moreover, according to the World Bank, nearly 25% of the population lives on less than 2 USD a day. The countries with the highest inequality in the region (as measured with the Gini index in the UN Development Report) in 2006 were Bolivia (60.1), Haiti (59.2), Colombia (58.6), Brazil (58), Paraguay (57.8) and Chile (57.1), while the countries with the lowest inequality in the region were Nicaragua (43.1), Ecuador (43.7), Venezuela (44.1) and Uruguay (44.9). One aspect of inequality and poverty in Latin America is unequal access to basic infrastructure. For example, access to water and sanitation in Latin America and the quality of these services remain low.
Crime and violence prevention and public security have become key social issues of concern to public policy makers and citizens in the Latin American and Caribbean region. In Latin America, violence is now among the five main causes of death and is the principal cause of death in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, El Salvador and Mexico. Homicide rates in Latin America are among the highest of any region in the world. From the early 1980s through the mid-1990s, intentional homicide rates in Latin America increased by 50 percent. The major victims of such homicides are young men, 69 percent of whom are between the ages of 15 and 19 years old.http://www.worldbank.org/LAC Many analysts agree that the prison crisis will not be resolved until the gap between rich and poor is addressed. They say that growing social inequality is fuelling crime in the region. But there is also no doubt that, on such an approach, Latin American countries have still a long way to go.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4404176.stm
The major trade blocs or agreements in the region are Mercosur and the Andean Community of Nations (CAN). Minor blocs or trade agreements are the G3 and the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). However, major reconfigurations are taking place along opposing approaches to integration and trade; Venezuela has officially withdrawn from both the CAN and G3 and it has been formally admitted into the Mercosur (pending ratification from the Brazilian and Paraguayan legislatures). The president-elect of Ecuador has manifested his intentions of following the same path. This bloc nominally opposes any Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States, although Uruguay has manifested its intention otherwise. On the other hand, Mexico is a member of the North American Free Trade Agreement, Chile has signed an FTA with the United States, and Colombia\'s and Peru\'s legislatures have approved an FTA with the United States and are awaiting its ratification by the US Senate.
The following table lists (in alphabetical order) all the countries in Latin America indicating Gross Domestic Product (GDP), per capita income in nominal terms and adjusted to purchasing power parity (PPP), Gross Domestic Product in PPP, a measurement of inequality through the Gini index (the higher the index the more unequal the income distribution is), the Human Development Index (HDI), the Environmental Performance Index (EPI), and the Quality-of-life index. GDP and PPP GDP statistics come from the International Monetary Fund with data as of 2006. Gini index and HDI come from the UN Development Program. The EPI index comes from the Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy and the Quality-of-life index from The Economist Intelligence Unit. Green cells indicate the 1st rank in each category, while yellow indicate the last rank.
| Country | GDPIMF [3] | GDP per capita | GDP (PPP) | GDP (PPP) per capita | Income equalityHuman Development Report, UNDP | HDI | EPIYale Center for Environmental Law & Policy / Center for International Earth Science Information Network at Columbia University. Environmental Performance Index 2008. Retrieved on 2008-03-13. | Quality of lifeThe Economist Pocket World in Figures 2008. Quality-of-life index The World in 2005. Retrieved on 2008-03-13. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| billion USD | USD | billion USD | USD | Gini index | ||||
| Argentina | 212.595 | 5,455 | 626.665 | 16,080 | 51.3 | 0.869 (H) | 81.8 | 6.469 |
| Bolivia | 11.221 | 1,166 | 28.221 | 2,931 | 60.1 | 0.695 (M) | 64.7 | 5.492 |
| Brazil | 1,067.706 | 5,717 | 1,881.277 | 10,073 | 57.0 | 0.800 (H) | 82.7 | 6.470 |
| Chile | 145.845 | 8,903 | 209.852 | 12,811 | 54.9 | 0.867 (H) | 83.4 | 6.789 |
| Colombia | 135.883 | 2,905 | 386.353 | 8,260 | 58.6 | 0.791 (M) | 88.3 | 6.176 |
| Costa Rica | 21.466 | 4,877 | 52.215 | 11,862 | 49.8 | 0.846 (H) | 90.5 | 6.624 |
| CubaThe IMF does not report statistics for Cuba. Data from the CIA World Factbook is used | 40.000 | 3,500 | 46.220 | 4,100 | N/A | 0.838 (H) | 80.7 | N/A |
| Dominican Republic | 31.600 | 3,653 | 81.119 | 9,377 | 51.6 | 0.779 (M) | 83.0 | 5.630 |
| Ecuador | 41.402 | 3,058 | 65.465 | 4,835 | 53.6 | 0.772 (M) | 84.4 | 6.272 |
| El Salvador | 18.654 | 2,664 | 39.210 | 5,600 | 52.4 | 0.735 (M) | 77.2 | 6.164 |
| Guatemala | 30.299 | 2,334 | 56.282 | 4,335 | 55.1 | 0.689 (M) | 76.7 | 5.321 |
| Haiti | 4.473 | 528 | 15.602 | 1,840 | 59.2 | 0.529 (M) | 60.7 | 4.090 |
| Honduras | 9.072 | 1,225 | 25.613 | 3,300 | 53.8 | 0.700 (M) | 75.4 | 5.250 |
| Mexico | 840.012 | 8,066 | 1,183.956 | 11,369 | 46.1 | 0.829 (H) | 79.8 | 6.766 |
| Nicaragua | 5.301 | 897 | 22.974 | 3,100 | 43.1 | 0.710 (M) | 73.4 | 5.663 |
| Panama | 17.103 | 5,208 | 28.222 | 8,593 | 56.1 | 0.812 (H) | 83.1 | 6.361 |
| Paraguay | 9.527 | 1,611 | 31.579 | 5,339 | 58.4 | 0.755 (M) | 77.7 | 5.756 |
| Peru | 107.000 | 3,366 | 207,985 | 7,856 | 52.0 | 0.773 (M) | 78.1 | 6.216 |
| Uruguay | 19.127 | 5,977 | 38.302 | 11,969 | 44.9 | 0.852 (H) | 82.3 | 6.368 |
| Venezuela | 181.608 | 6,736 | 201.674 | 7,480 | 48.2 | 0.792 (M) | 80.0 | 6.089 |
Notes: (H) High human development; (M) Medium human development
The rich mosaic of Latin American cultural expressions is the product of many diverse influences:
Pre-Columbian cultures were primarily oral, though the Aztecs and Mayans, for instance, produced elaborate codices. Oral accounts of mythological and religious beliefs were also sometimes recorded after the arrival of European colonizers, as was the case with the Popol Vuh. Moreover, a tradition of oral narrative survives to this day, for instance among the Quechua-speaking population of Peru and the Quiché of Guatemala.
From the very moment of Europe\'s "discovery" of the continent, early explorers and conquistadores produced written accounts and crónicas of their experience--such as Columbus\'s letters or Bernal Díaz del Castillo\'s description of the conquest of Mexico. During the colonial period, written culture was often in the hands of the church, within which context Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz wrote memorable poetry and philosophical essays. Towards the end of the 18th Century and the beginning of the 19th, a distinctive criollo literary tradition emerged, including the first novels such as Lizardi\'s El Periquillo Sarniento (1816).
The 19th Century was a period of "foundational fictions" (in critic Doris Sommer\'s words), novels in the Romantic or Naturalist traditions that attempted to establish a sense of national identity, and which often focussed on the indigenous question or the dichotomy of "civilization or barbarism" (for which see, say, Domingo Sarmiento\'s Facundo (1845), Juan León Mera\'s Cumandá (1879), or Euclides da Cunha\'s Os Sertões (1902)).
At the turn of the 20th century, modernismo emerged, a poetic movement whose founding text was Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío\'s Azul (1888). This was the first Latin American literary movement to influence literary culture outside of the region, and was also the first truly Latin American literature, in that national differences were no longer so much at issue. José Martí, for instance, though a Cuban patriot, also lived in Mexico and the USA and wrote for journals in Argentina and elsewhere.
However, what really put Latin American literature on the global map was no doubt the literary boom of the 1960s and 1970s, distinguished by daring and experimental novels (such as Julio Cortázar\'s Rayuela (1963)) that were frequently published in Spain and quickly translated into English. The Boom\'s defining novel was Gabriel García Márquez\'s Cien años de soledad (1967), which led to the association of Latin American literature with magic realism, though other important writers of the period such as Mario Vargas Llosa and Carlos Fuentes do not fit so easily within this framework. Arguably, the Boom\'s culmination was Augusto Roa Bastos\'s monumental Yo, el supremo (1974). In the wake of the Boom, influential precursors such as Juan Rulfo, Alejo Carpentier, and above all Jorge Luis Borges were also rediscovered.
Contemporary literature in the region is vibrant and varied, ranging from the best-selling Paulo Coelho and Isabel Allende to the more avant-garde and critically acclaimed work of writers such as Diamela Eltit, Ricardo Piglia, or Roberto Bolaño. There has also been considerable attention paid to the genre of testimonio, texts produced in collaboration with subaltern subjects such as Rigoberta Menchú. Finally, a new breed of chroniclers is represented by the more journalistic Carlos Monsiváis and Pedro Lemebel.
The region boasts five Nobel Prizewinners: in addition to the Colombian García Márquez (1982), also the Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral (1945), the Guatemalan novelist Miguel Ángel Asturias (1967), the Chilean poet Pablo Neruda (1971), and the Mexican poet and essayist Octavio Paz (1990).
Guggenheim Guadalajara, is scheduled to be completed in 2011 Guadalajara Mexico.
Beyond the rich tradition of indigenous art, the development of Latin American visual art owed much to the influence of Spanish, Portuguese and French Baroque painting, which in turn often followed the trends of the Italian Masters. In general, this artistic Eurocentrism began to fade in the early twentieth century, as Latin-Americans began to acknowledge the uniqueness of their condition and started to follow their own path.
From the early twentieth century, the art of Lati
